@font-face{font-family:CustomSansSerif;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;font-display:swap;src:url(/fonts/kievit-300-normal.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-family:CustomSansSerif;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(/fonts/kievit-700-normal.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-family:CustomSerif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/fonts/charter-400-normal.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-family:CustomSerif;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/fonts/charter-400-italic.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-family:CustomSerif;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(/fonts/charter-700-normal.woff) format("woff")}@font-face{font-family:CustomSerif;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(/fonts/charter-700-italic.woff) format("woff")}.telegraph-layout{--sans: CustomSansSerif, "Lucida Grande", Arial, sans-serif;--serif: CustomSerif, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", serif;--ink: rgb(0 0 0 / 80%);--ink-soft: #79828b;--accent: #000;--accent-soft: #e4e4e4;background:#fff;min-height:100vh;font-family:var(--sans)}.telegraph-layout [hidden],.pages-editor [hidden]{display:none!important}.telegraph-page{width:100%;max-width:732px;margin:0 auto;padding:21px 0 80px;position:relative}.page-nav{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:18px;margin:0 21px;min-height:21px;font:300 14px/18px var(--sans);color:var(--ink-soft)}.page-nav a{text-decoration:none}.page-nav a:first-child{margin-right:auto}.page-nav a:hover{color:#000}.home-nav .telegraph-button{font-size:14px;line-height:18px}.home-lead{margin:0 21px;font:400 18px/1.58 var(--serif);color:var(--ink)}.home-publications{margin:36px 21px 0}.home-section-heading{display:flex;align-items:baseline;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid #e4e4e4}.home-section-heading h2{margin:0;font:700 18px/22px var(--sans)}.home-section-heading>span{font:300 15px/18px var(--sans);color:var(--ink-soft)}.home-article-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.home-article-list>li{border-bottom:1px solid #e4e4e4}.home-article{padding:21px 0 24px}.home-article a{display:block;text-decoration:none}.home-article h3{margin:0 0 9px;font:700 24px/28px var(--sans);color:#000;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.home-article a:hover h3{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:3px}.home-article-meta{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font:300 15px/18px var(--sans);color:var(--ink-soft)}.home-article-meta>*+*:before{content:"•";padding:0 7px}.home-article p{margin:12px 0 0;font:400 18px/1.58 var(--serif);overflow-wrap:anywhere}.home-empty{padding-top:21px}.home-empty p{margin:0 0 9px;font:400 18px/1.58 var(--serif)}.home-empty .home-empty-hint{font:300 15px/22px var(--sans);color:var(--ink-soft)}.home-skill-link{margin:30px 21px 0;font:300 15px/22px var(--sans);color:var(--ink-soft)}.telegraph-header.article-header{margin:0 0 20px}.telegraph-header h1,.new-page-placeholder h1,.editor-title{font:700 32px/34px var(--sans);letter-spacing:normal;margin:21px 21px 12px;overflow-wrap:anywhere;color:#000}.telegraph-meta{margin:12px 21px;font:300 15px/18px var(--sans);color:var(--ink-soft);display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-style:normal}.telegraph-meta>*+*:before{content:"•";padding:0 7px}.telegraph-body,.editor-body{font:400 18px/1.58 var(--serif);color:#000c}.telegraph-body p,.editor-body p{margin:0 21px 12px;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.telegraph-body h2,.editor-body h2{font:700 32px/34px var(--sans);margin:21px 21px 12px;letter-spacing:normal}.telegraph-body h3,.telegraph-body h4,.editor-body h3,.editor-body h4{font:700 28px/1.2 var(--sans);margin:18px 21px 9px;letter-spacing:normal}.telegraph-body h4,.editor-body h4{font-size:24px}.telegraph-body a,.editor-body a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #b8b8b8}.telegraph-body a:hover,.editor-body a:hover{border-color:#000}.telegraph-body blockquote,.editor-body blockquote{font:italic 400 18px/1.58 var(--serif);margin:18px 21px 16px 0;padding:0 0 0 15px;border-left:3px solid #000;color:inherit;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.editor-body blockquote p{margin-left:0}.telegraph-body ul,.telegraph-body ol,.editor-body ul,.editor-body ol{margin:0 21px 12px;padding-left:30px}.telegraph-body li,.editor-body li{margin:0 0 5px;padding-left:0}.editor-body li p{margin:0}.editor-body li ul,.editor-body li ol,.telegraph-body li ul,.telegraph-body li ol{margin:5px 0 0}.telegraph-body figure,.editor-body figure,.telegraph-page .article-cover{width:100%;margin:18px 0;transform:none}.telegraph-body figure img,.editor-body figure img,.telegraph-page .article-cover img{max-width:100%;width:auto;height:auto;max-height:none;margin:0 auto;object-fit:contain;background:#f5f8fc}.telegraph-body figcaption,.editor-body figcaption,.telegraph-page .article-cover figcaption{font:300 15px/18px var(--sans);margin:0;padding:12px 21px 0;color:var(--ink-soft);text-align:center}.telegraph-body pre,.editor-body pre{padding:15px 21px;margin:12px 0;background:#f5f8fc;color:#333;border:0;overflow-x:auto}.telegraph-body code,.editor-body code{font:16px/1.4 Menlo,Courier New,Courier,monospace;background:#f5f8fc;border-radius:0;padding:1px 3px}.telegraph-body pre code,.editor-body pre code{font-size:16px;padding:0}.page-actions{position:fixed;left:calc(50% + 376px);top:46px;width:200px;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;flex-direction:column;gap:14px}.telegraph-button{font:700 17px/20px var(--sans);color:#000;text-decoration:none;border:2px solid #333;border-radius:16px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:4px 12px;background:#fff;cursor:pointer}.telegraph-button:hover{background:#f5f5f5}.quiet-button{font:300 15px/18px var(--sans);color:var(--ink-soft);text-decoration:none;border:0;background:transparent;padding:0;cursor:pointer;text-align:left}.quiet-button:hover{color:#000}.telegraph-button:disabled,.quiet-button:disabled{cursor:default;opacity:.4}.session-status{font:300 16px/24px var(--sans);margin:12px 21px;color:var(--ink-soft)}.editor-status{font:300 15px/20px var(--sans);color:var(--ink-soft);margin:0;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.editor-status.is-error,[data-dialog-error]{color:#b52626}.pages-editor{position:relative}.editor-header{margin-bottom:20px}.editor-title{display:block;width:calc(100% - 42px);padding:0;border:0;resize:none;overflow:hidden;background:transparent}.editor-title:focus,.editor-author:focus,.editor-body .tiptap:focus{outline:none}.editor-title::placeholder,.editor-author::placeholder{color:#b8b8b8;opacity:1}.editor-author{display:block;width:calc(100% - 42px);margin:12px 21px;padding:0;border:0;font:300 15px/18px var(--sans);color:var(--ink-soft);background:transparent}.editor-title:disabled,.editor-author:disabled{opacity:1;-webkit-text-fill-color:currentColor}.editor-body .tiptap{min-height:220px;outline:none;white-space:pre-wrap;overflow-wrap:break-word}.editor-body .tiptap p.is-editor-empty:first-child:before{content:attr(data-placeholder);color:#b8b8b8;float:left;height:0;pointer-events:none}.editor-body .ProseMirror-selectednode{outline:2px solid #333;outline-offset:2px}.editor-body .ProseMirror-gapcursor{display:none;pointer-events:none;position:absolute}.editor-body .ProseMirror-gapcursor:after{content:"";display:block;position:absolute;top:-2px;width:20px;border-top:1px solid #000;animation:editor-cursor 1.1s steps(2,start) infinite}.editor-body .ProseMirror-focused .ProseMirror-gapcursor{display:block}@keyframes editor-cursor{to{visibility:hidden}}.insert-image{position:absolute;left:-14px;width:27px;height:27px;padding:0;font:300 25px/23px var(--sans);border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:50%;color:#79828b;background:#fff;cursor:pointer}.format-menu{position:fixed;z-index:30;display:flex;align-items:center;max-width:calc(100vw - 16px);border-radius:6px;background:#292927;color:#fff;padding:4px;box-shadow:0 2px 8px #00000026}.format-menu button{display:grid;place-items:center;width:35px;height:36px;border:0;padding:0;background:transparent;color:#fff;font:700 19px/24px var(--sans);cursor:pointer;border-radius:3px}.format-menu button:hover,.format-menu button[aria-pressed=true]{background:#50504d}.format-menu button:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #fff;outline-offset:-2px}.format-divider{height:24px;border-left:1px solid #555;margin:0 4px}.editor-dialog{width:min(420px,calc(100vw - 32px));padding:24px;border:1px solid #ddd;border-radius:12px;background:#fff;color:#333;font:300 16px/22px var(--sans)}.editor-dialog::backdrop{background:#00000040}.editor-dialog label{display:block;margin:0 0 8px}.editor-dialog input{width:100%;padding:8px 0;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;background:#fff;margin:0 0 18px}.editor-dialog input[type=file]{font-size:14px}.dialog-actions{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-end;gap:16px;flex-wrap:wrap}.editor-dialog [data-dialog-error]:empty{display:none}.site-account{margin-left:auto;display:flex;gap:20px;font-size:.8rem;color:var(--ink-soft)}.site-account a{text-decoration:none}@media(max-width:1190px){.page-actions{position:static;width:auto;margin:30px 21px}.editor-actions{flex-direction:row;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:18px}.editor-actions .editor-status{flex-basis:100%}}@media(max-width:780px){.insert-image{left:0;width:22px;height:22px;font-size:21px;line-height:20px}.page-nav{font-size:13px;gap:12px}.format-menu button{width:31px}.editor-actions{gap:15px}}@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.editor-body .ProseMirror-gapcursor:after{animation:none}}
